Cinematography.



(Vanns-foci?,

` Patented Jun. l, 1918 l SHEETS-SHEET! inn r forn- CINEMATOGRAPHY.

APFucATmN msn Dac. l. 1915.

n. F. CUMSTOCK.

Jaoui( n. F. oMsTocK.

CINEMATOGRPHY.

APPLICATION FILED DEC. I. |91

'Patented 1111111918.

l SHEETS-SHEET 2.

K. .PU 0 T S M 0 C En D.

CINEMATOGHAPHY. APPLICATION man Dic. ssn.

SHEETS-SHET 3.

,Patented Jan. 1, 1918.

D. F. COMSTUCK. 'CINEMATOGRAPHYl Avrucmou min oc.|.1s|s.

Patented Jap. 1,1918.

7 SHEETS-`SHEET 4 oo oo o ooooo D. F. COMSTOCK.

Patented Jfm.1,`1918. A

I smits-sneer s.V

" UNITED STATES PATENT oEEioE.

y DANIEL F. COMSTOCK, OF BROOKLINE, MASSACHUSETTS, ASSIGNOB, BY MESNE ASSIGN- MENTS, T0 TECHNICOLOB. MOTION PICTUQE CORPORATION, 0F BOSTON, MASSACHU- SETTS, CORPORATION 0F MAINE.

' omima'roonarnir.

tion."

There are many reasons why a motion picture` projector'using a continuously moving =iilurwou1d be greatly superior to the present-.type of-intermittent motion film. Be-

' sansl increasing the iife ofthe aim with 0rfao dinary" usage, machines of this type lend themselves-readily to the production of pictures which pass more or less continuously into each other on a screen, tlius eliminating the rdisagreeable' 'luminosity flicker commonly present in motion pictures. Moreover, owing to the absence of the destructive' intermittent motion the 4lilm can be run at speeds much higher than is 4practicable with ma.- chines in ywhich 'thisv motion is present. The absenceof the .dark interval' between picture'son thejother hand, permits a low picture'frequency, which is desirable not only in the' slowing down of motions photographed at a'higher frequency but also incertain cases for the reduction of the socalled"motioii flicker as distinguished from luminosity flicker. Such machines shouldbe capable of beiiig run at any s'peed fromzero up to, Say, 40 or 50 pictures a secondi? i -Tlie bestpresent'motion picture practice involves the useof a. shutter so shaped or 'used that the dark intervals are equal to the light intervals, hence, above -the fusion threshold, 'the' intensity of the projection beam must be, for a given screen area and illumination, twice. that required Where there is n o dark interval. 4

. Therefore, the theoretical minimum pro jection-beam intensity is thatwhich gives the desired screen illumination when uninterruptedly reaching the'screcn, and the theoretical `minimumof light' is reached when the desired screen illumination is attained with a beam of minimum intensity which just covers the picture projected.

In order to eliminate the dark interval,

one picture must be replaced by the next by a progressive substitution, either of one picture as a'whole for the next by the increase .and corresponding decrease oi intensity o Bpeolcation of Letters Patent.

phy,-o, f which.v the following is a specifica,-4

Patentd J an. 1 1918.

Appiication inea member 1, 1915. -uriai no. seno.

the beams-projecting two pictures in register on the screen, or bye lateral orvertcal progressive substitution of corresponding' ing through the two pictures reaches the' screen. .i

The second may be either a rapid or` a slow progressivesubstitution; thatA is, the

Vfraction of the time allotted to each picture or it may occupy the whole of such time. Inthe latter case, the picture projected is made up'of a slowly decreasing part of 4one'pic 'turefand a correspondingly increasing'part of the next, .except a'tfthe instant when the second has been completely substituted-for V the first. In general', a.. slow substitution will'produce adistortion wavelwhch, ex'- cept at very high speeds, will readily be de.- tected and hence' mar the screen picture.

Among the many published designs for continuous film motion cinematographs, there is notfone of even indifferent 'commercial success, and the cause of the failures lies largely in the unique accuracy needed in the essential optical' and mechanical parts. To be' practically successful also the machine must not lose this accuracy in' use.

*Tliegeneral problem .which faces the designer of a continuous film motion cinematograph isthat of obtaining an undistortioned stationary image of amoving object. It can readily be seen that this .end cannot be attained without the introduction of Some 70 time of substitution may occupy b ut a Small image becomes the object for the element in question. The special problem is so to move this element that the image produced by it in turn will be lstationary at the screen or act 5 aS a stationary virtual object which may be framed and projected on a distant screen or otherwise treated by subsequent optical 'de-v vices. v v

The fundamental requirements made of 1Q such machines are that the individual pictures be brought to rest optically; that'successive pictures be accurately superimposed,

and that the illumination of successive pictures be constant and uniform. I

l5 To produce 'a rapid progressive substitutionv of succeeding pictures there is required a plurality of compensating reflectors, two

" of which must receive light, at the time of lsubstitution, from-al1 parts of corresponding pictures, hence there must be eithertwo projection beams or one beam must either lshift from one refiector to the next dr be ltraversed by the reflectors. But it has been A pointed out that the motion of the compen- -sating refiector must be of a very high order of precision, hence should be Vof the simplest nature possible; whereas the motion of any means to move the beam from 'Y .one reflector to the next need not be so preo sa In general, therefore, it will `be desirable 4to so move the projection beam before it reaches the film that progressive substitutionv is attained bylv projecting successive pictures along distinct pathsvto correspondcompensating reflectors. Vorder to avoid discontinuity in proJectionV either in the nature of a dark interval or :a blur as one picture gives place-to the "4:0 next, there must be at least two moving compensating elements, since it is obvious that vif such discontinuities are to be-avoid- -.ed',tl1ere 'myst be instants when two film fpictures-a're-'simultaneousl in action. For

.45 satisfactory: results, the e ore, there should be at least ltwo moving ptcal parts. From two the number may be increased indefinitely up to the limit -of convenience.

' It is obvious that ingeneral the film gate opening must be at leasttwo pictures long,

in. order that, at the time of substitution, both the picture being exposed and the next succeeding picture may be exposed to the projection beam, and further that the pro- 'ection beam must either cover two pictures in the "film gate opening or cover and follow one picture and swing back to the"'ncxt succeeding substitution.

50 In addition to the many special diificulties 'which must be overcome in the produc-` tion of asuccessful continuouslm motion cin atograph, there is a general diiiiculty whi appears' in nearly every aspect of 65 the prpblern. This is the diiiiculty imposed picture to produce progressive.

by the requirement of extreme optical and mechanical accuracy which has already been mentioned as one of the chief causes of the failure of extant designs. This requirement ,of accuracy makes` itself felt in two general directions, first. with regard to the correctness of all optical surfaces which have to deal with moving images or objects, and second, with reference to -the exactness of the motions themselves, and-hence of the mechanical arrangements which cause these motions.

In' a perfect machine the film and optical devices would be so moved that thc displace m'ent of the image space would be exactly equal and opposite to that of the image inthat space, that is, the film motion and the com: pensation movement would be perfectly matched, but since it is necessary to connect thesev two motions inpractice by more or less fallible mechanical systems only an approximation .to the ideal can be attained.

1 t is the closeness of this approximation in service which must determine the failure of a given machine. A

In the ordinary stationary projection of a single lantern slide, a distortion of the whole picture. say a narrowing of two' or three per-cent. would not'he noticeable t0 the eye. In the case'of motion picture4 pro-' jection with a continuously movi-ng film, however, this distortion would-cause the success or.

image of a. given vpoint in the picture to move on the screen and a blur would result.

Moreover, the pictures' which follow each other 1n the series must be of the same ioo light intensity, and must accurately coincide. This latter requirement exists' also, of course, for theordinary cineinatograph, but additional difliculties in securing satisfactory registration enter in the case of the continuousflm motion machine. In the average case, if a'satisfactory point m the picture on a screen varies in position during the time that one filml picture is active by morethaii about an eighth of an inch, to an observer at a distance offifteen or twenty feet, there will be a perceptible blurring'of the screen picture. An eighth of an inch on the screen is about .001 or one tenth of one per cent.v of the sizeof the whole screen picture, and since this picture vis simply an enlarged reproduction of the film picture the same yfractional accuracy holds for the latter. Hence it 'follows that if there is any persistent irregularity in the motion of the film with relation to the mov mgvr optical parts designed to compensate for the film motion as large .as .001, the size of a film picture, blurring will result.

There are physical difficulties because the compensation is optically imperfect as ap' plying to one point or line of the picture onlyv or requiring point parallel` rays which are unattainable; or because the image is distorted or the definition imperfect due to undesirable refractive effects inthe optical parts or due to its necessary position with respect tvo optical parts; or be cause of chromatic effects due to dispersion (especially harmful in the case of compensationl by motion of a refractive element l when correction becomes physically impos l o sible) orbecause of the necessity ofirregular jmotion iof the optical element or of the film-in I"the case of compensation by refractive elements; or because of the loss E ofjlig'ht in th'eoptical system (any-.excess of light being accompanied by an excess of pictures onj the presence of'ghosts; or double images l '"whn fa' back-silveredglass mirror is used c isio'and impermanency with accuracy for I Iheatwhihisdaimagin to the film); or bea `dark./or b ur intervalbetween the screen; or becausel of vifLitl/fnonp'rallel rays incident other than perpendicularto the surface. There are mechamcah'difiiculties because of` the imprecontrolling essential motions of gears, chains,'

als

an'dcertain forms of cams, especially when `connecting the film and compensatlon mo- `tions,'because' of the vibration due to rapid systemsl :irregular motions; because of the easy vitia 't1on'o-f metal surface xnirrors;y because of genera- 1' mechanical intrieacy; and because.

of I theV mechanical', difficulty of superimposing pictures from. two 'separate filurdriving There are economic dificulties,

'i sucli as'.the' loss of light, the cost of unusual lense'spris'ms, mirrors or other optical parts,

ofconstructing precision4 instruments in general," of a multiplicity vof optical elements'g'i'of ymaking com ,licated mechanismsV general and the ina visability of reqmr- 4=0`I ingalnon-'standard film.

he'object of the present invention is to roduceacontinucus film motion and a unidm and continuous illumination cinemat :il: A-gia liwhich shall approximate optical and ni anical perfection 'as closely as possiblej fwliieh' shall'make possiblea lmotion of pure 'rotation in the compensating elements,

which' shall' eeonomize the luse of light,4

"il [which `shallbe simple and durable in construction and shall contain the fewest pos- "sible number of parts, especially between l the film-drivlng andthe 'compensating elements, thus reducing the chance of inaccuv"racy either in the original construction or fas a resultof wear, and 1n general to overcome the difficult-ies above set forth;

In general, the ends sought to be attained andthe problems sought to be solved by the present machine .are the same as described in application of lvilliam Burton lVescott, Serial No.' '(865,962) to which reference is hereby made, but the compensation method although involving certain principles com- `m`on therewith is diferent. ln the exemplificatrion ofthe invention shown in said former l/Vescott application the `compensating refiectors to which the beams moving with the flm are successively projected, con! sist of two oscillating mirrors. As already explained there must be'at'least two suc moving optical parts'to avoid discontinu* ous projection. From two the number may beincreased indefinitely u'lp to the limit of convenenceand in eneral the nature ofthe motion involved wil be simpler dynamically and hence mechanically more practicable with a very much larger number of the units -than two. lVith but two compensating elel ments' the motion must be reciprocating, while with a sufficiently large number of com ensatingV elements a rotary and hence uni orm motion may be employed. In th'e types of machines in' which the' compensating optical. element is given a reciprocating motion, cams'or their equivalent must 4in general be used, and-while it is possible to make'cams of a' high order of accurac Vand to cordinate them so'that variations ue to- Wearshall appear 'only as a difference between the wear oftwo similar cams, nevertheless it is desirable toeliminate the use of cams and to substitute a pure rotary m0 tion of the compensating elements for a reciprocating. motion,

In another nppiicn'ann sel-inl Nn. 871,398,

-Wescott has shown that a refiecting element,

made up -of two plane reflecting surfaces at right angles to each other, for example, -a

right angle totally reflecting prism, is uniquely fitted when mounted on arotating element suchas `a. drum tocompensate suecessfully forithe motion of a' moving film..-

Thisis'partly because of the exactness with which motions of rotation can be produced and also partly because of the fact that such "cnl design. of a superior type.

The most Aimportant new principle results in .what I have called the oblique beam method. Although not obvious, it can be shown that a light beam from an object can strike aright angle prism obliquely without changingithe law. of compensation. great-"advantage of an oblique beam is that the incident light with its optical' system is,

out of the way of the emergent light and its optical system. Reference to the drawings, especially F ig. 4, will make clear what is meant.

When the oblique beam is used it is, of course, highly advisable that the object (a The plane transparency) be perpendicular to the ight passing through it and this obvionsl requires that the film lie in a plane whiei is not parallel to the axis of the rotating -s stem. Unless some4 intermediate optical evice is inter osed between the film and risni, this obliquity of the film would be ad from the point of view ,of continuous accurate film ull. In order to obviate this, a reflecting e ementis introduced between filinand prisminsuch a way that the real film lies in aplanev parallel to the axis'to the 'rotating ,s stem whereas the 'virtual image of th lm is perpendicular to the light just be ore it strikes the prism.

, The combination, therefore, of an oblique light 'beam with 'such reflecting element makes it'possible forthe film to be moved and' the use of. cams or gears in any'othe part of directly b a drum mounted directly on the shaft of t e prism drum, thus making possible an accurate communication between prism motionand film motion, and at the same timevarranging for the incident light with its optical system to be out of the way of theemergent light with its optical system'.

In the present projection machine therefore, the mechanical compensating motion is a simple motion of pure rotation, the optical compensating'Y elements are. reiiectors preferab y .in the form of ninety de ree prisms, carried by a rotary drum.' Furt ermore; the film where the lig t passes through it to the 'essential rotating element.(the driim) and is'driven directly by it without the intervention of gears or cams between the film the compensating motion. Of course,

the machine where delicate accuracy is not required. is quite permissible. The c ompenc sating elements asherein shown consist each of a totally refiecting ninety de ee prism, or the equivalent combination o two pflane right-angle mirrors, successive prisms o the drum of prisms compensating for the motion of successive film pictures. As previously' stated with such 4prisms or right-angle mirfor pairs the image space will be displaced .with the further advantage that relatively low intensity, and conse uently`v generating less heat, may

with twice the Vlinear velocity of mirrors, and in the same direction', by a translation of vthe latter perpendicular to their-line of intersection, i. e their vertex, and will not begafi'eetedat all line as an axis The beam of light'projected throu h the 'film is .moved with the film whereby the major or effective portion of the lightbeam -is projected during'a desired Vperiod of time through one picture of a constantly moving series substantially without loss' of light, and

light of reducing the Ldanger Vof burning the'film.

Thebeam following the successive lilm pion.

asses directly from the place.

`optical elements involved in bya rotation about this'v be used,."t ereby jpensatingelements ;-and

tures is so manipulated before the film as to shift the beam, passing through successivefilm pictures to successive compensatin reflcctors. This motion is in that part o the system where less accuracy is required.

The means for moving the beam with 'the film, as herein shown, consists of two revolving helical mirrors, in each of which the angle made by-an extension of a radial element of the refiecting surface with the axis of rotation varies progressively along the length of the mirror'. The two helical mirrors are identical. The beam from each helical mirror, while moving with the film, is

thus also swung about a fixed point, or kept in line with a fixed point, or near enough such point so that the movement of the beam where it meets the compensating element is substantially less than at the film. The benin is thus caused-to follow not only the film picture but the corresponding slower'moving compensating element. A bea covering two pictures might be used, and the film and compensating elements be passed therethrough, but such beam would -at all timeshare to be shuttered for the area. of

asv

one picture, and at least half the light would be wasted.'

In the accompanying drawings which illustrate one embodiment of the inventio1i,-

Figure 1 is adiagram illustrating the action upon a light beam of one of saidpninety degree'prisms moving in an arcuate path;

Fig. 2' is a diagram illustrating the nature and extent of the error, which may or may not be negligible according to the number of.

prisms used, resulting from the motion of the prism in the arc of a circle;

Figs. 3 and 4 represent, partly -in diagram, in side and front elevations, the principal the invention and their arrangement 'in a motion head and relation to each other and to the film, Fig. 4 showing particularly the Loblique beam principle;

Fig," 5 is aplan view of the disk hereinafter described;

Fig. 6 is a development of said compensat- Fig, 7 is a side view of an optical lantern as a 'Whole containing the invention;

Fig. 8 is a sectional view upon an enlarged scale on line 8-8 of Fig..9, partly compensating in side elevation, of the motion head coni tainingitheinvention;

Fig. 9 is a -front view of said motion head, the gearing in v b'oth Figs. 8 and 9 being shown4 diagrammatically;

Fig.A 10 is a section on line 10%10 df Figs. 11 and 12, partly in elevation, illugtrating the mounting of'one ofthe compensating elements@v Fig. 11 is a plan view of three ofsaid comfigraeht of Fig. -12 is anend view of a.

.fs f the drumA or-4 rotary-carrier on 'which vsaid compensating 'elementsare mkmu'ntedi" and '2: Arrows F, F represent two' posi- 6- tions of a.. fi lm #picture on the moving film, -and 12represnts one of the'totally 'reflectr ing right anglefcoxnpensatingprisms.

' alon path ditothe image on `I`1 i tofsecureoomplete and mathematically cor-.

`2h rect-fco'm :tion,ff"fjtbef prism vertex V shoilld inafstrai'ght line to position -"'V :at'.one'half-the-linear velocity of the film.

4 1 Itzisfimrn'ateriah whether the prism swings "ortilts"ohits vertexsince the 'image remains `,25 unafected by Emotion of the prism about u 'l its yertexysan B ut themotion of the vertex alongyastraight line involves either a sliding reciprocating motion, or, if

fsu4 theobectionsjto both of which have already g weltuponfffl`oobtain amotion of (pure iptatiomzthe vertex of the compensat lngprism mustinove in a circular path and lat F to'position No. 2 at F', the vertex of the l correspondmg compensating prism moves in an' arcuate path from 'V to V', such Ydistance. in a' straight line being one-half the distance of-thetravel of the film picture. e The 'path of the light beam from the film picture"at F Will'be along b, b', b?, and b,

the lattejr coinciding witha, so that the image is stationary notwithstanding the motion of the film. The same will hold true at all4 intermediate points between positions No. 1 and No. 2-save for the negligible shift- Y ings ofthe image above referred to, due to the Icurved path of the prism vertex. Now, since the distance traveled by the prism vertex V to VVin a straight line must be half the distance traveled in the saine time bythe film picture, it follows that as the prism vertex is movingih an arcuate path its linear velocit),r will not be exactly half that of the film, though it is approximately, so, but the 35 prism vertex will move at a constant frac- Figs. '-1.

-1 aan teryx-,lightly in Excess f iif of the linear velocity' of 'the film." Fi ..2 represents two'posltionslV and V o' theprism vertex connected by straight 'and'4 arcuate paths, The motion of the virtual vertex, which is of use in compensation, is that component of its motion which is parallel to that of the film. This may be termedl the lateral motion; It will be evident: that the lateral speed will be'greatest whenthc vert'ex is in Aits central position, t l1at.i`swhen the optical path'to the film isshortest. Before 1t reaches this position ,after .it passes it the lateral speedjis 1e'ss. j '1` obtainA minimum deviation from exact compensa-'30 tion, therefore, the linear speedofthevertex should besuch that not the maxi'xnuintvalue of the lateral velocity but tsaveragefvalue is equal to one-half the speed of thefi1m.

Throughout the specification and claims where the word vertex occurs-.what is meant is the optical o r virtual vertex. as distinguished .from the physical vertex less the contrary appears fromfthe' context. If the two reflectin surfaces which compose the compensating e ement aretvgo plane mirrors atright angles their reflecting =surfaces might'not physically intersect, iu'hich case the virtual vertex would be the intersection of extensions of'said .plane reflecting sux'- u 'i M .15..

When the two reflecting su'rfaces',V are formed by a ri ht angle prisnrlof, glass he "virtual vertex does not coinci c with the physical vertex,.` due to refraction, the' glass; but, is on a line through 'thevertex perpendicular to the face of the prism and at a distance below the surface'ofthe. glass, bearing the same ratio to the-distance o f thevertexfrom this surfacejas-unity bears to the index of refraction of the glassy;

Referring now to Figs. 3 and 1g-1F4 represcntsY the film, and 9 the film gate, A series of' compensating elements 12, consisting of right angle totally reflecting prismsfare 4mounted on a rotating drum 13. u'. lnorder to et the light in and 'out of the..pr isms 12, vthout interference ofthe incident light and the emergent light, the lightfrom the object must strike the.prisms obliquely,v and conse uently emerge obliquely. The4 paths of suc incident und emergent beamsare indicated (Figs. 4 and 9) at B. As it is highly important that'the film should be normal to the incident beam, and also that the fi1m -should be parallel to theaxis of rotation of the drum 13, I introduce a reflecting element of glass l0, in .the path of the incident beam,

between the film F and the compensating The light B' ma)T therefore 125 elements 12. pass perpendicularly through theV film F, which is parallel to the axis of rotation of ,the drum 13, after which it is reflected by the total refieetionsurfaces 10 and 10",

along an oblique path to the compensators 12. The emergent light follows a. correspondingly oblique path through lens 14 to reflector 15 and the objective O.

It has already been lpointed out that for complete mathematical compensation, it is necessary for the vertcx of the prism to move in a line parallel to the film and with and uniform.' The prism has not-only a 15 variation in the component of its mot-"ion parallel tothe filin because of its circular path but has also a component perpendicular to the film, namely, to and away from the film.'

It can be readily shown that'these discrepancies are more pronounced the smaller the number` 'of prisms on the drum.

For obvious reasons, it is advisable to keep the number'of prisms on the drum as small as possible. In order to compensate in part for`the above mentioned discrepancies aggravated as they are by a smaller number vof prisms, if such are desired, a series of \plane 'glass plates are mounted in the form f a disk and rotated successively into the ath of the beam. This brings into play the principle that a plate of glass brings an o`b-` ject apparently nearer to the observer. By choosing the thickness of the plates properly and mounting them as sectors of a disk, it lis possible to compensate in steps for the progressive variation in the distance between film and rism as motion proceeds through the period) of activity of one film picture. AY 40 sufficient number of plates must be used in order that the steps in which the before mentipned` adjustment occurs shall be small enough to give apparently continuous compensation.

Such revolving disk of plane glasswith sectors of va ingA thickness is shown in Figs. 4 to 6 at Fig. 6, showing a development of the successive steps. which progressively increase in thickness through halt` the circumference of -the disk, and diminish through the remaininhalf. The disk is so timed that the light eam will be passing through the thicker 'sectors while the coinpensator 12 is more remote from-.the film and through the thinner sectors while the compensator12 is nearer the film. It will make one complete revolution -while each film picture is in action.

-tion in which the prism approaches and recedes from the film. Vithin this limitation it may be plac'ed an where in-thc path of the beam, instead o in the location illus-4 trated in Fig. 4.

-Said disk 1s not shown in Figs. 8 and 9, as x i A The disk should also be, arranged in a position normal to Ithe direc-A it is distinctly an auxiliary device and its object is to make possible .a reduction. in the number of prisms, and it may be dispensed with if a sufficient number of prisms are used. 'l0

The remaining figures illustrate the more practical phases of design. The optical'lantern (Fig. 7 lcomprises the lamp house H of the ordinary Fire Underwriters type, G being a swinging' shutterv suitable for use 75 `with the slide frame G for ordinary projection. The feed reel magazine is shownat J and the take-up reel magazine at J'. Fire traps of any approved type maybe used at Q and Q. where the film, enters and leaves the motion head K. The film pa'ssestl irou,,ih the motion head K on its way from the feed reel magazine to the take-up reel magazine and it is in the motion head thatv the present invention is contained. The light from the lamp h'ouse H enters the motion headthrough a port 7 Fig. 8). in the housing wall 8 and is reflected firstL from the helical mirror surface M and then fromA M through the film F in the film gate 90. 9, and-thence through therefiecting prism 10, which is attached to Vthe lower film gatei member 11, to the compensating elements 12 mounted on drum 13 keyed to shaft 24, and thence through lens 14, and reflecting prisms 15 and 15 to the objective lens O.. .The refiec'tiiig surfaces of prism 10 are arranged, as already explained, at such .angles that the beam B passes obliquely to the compensating `prisms 12, whereby the outgoing beam tomoens 14 and objective O will follow a distinct 'path from the incoming beam to prisms 12 (Fig. 7 The film F in its course through the inotion head passes underroller 16. over the 1'05 film gate roller 17, between the fixed film gate member 9 and the lower film gate member 11, which is adapted to swing together with prism 10 about hinge 18, and thence over the film gate roll 17' to the sprocket rim 110 19 on the shaft 24, and under pressure rollers 20 and 20', and thence downward through an aperture 23 in the bottom of the motion head housing to the take-up reel.

The rim 19 made with sprocket teeth con- 115 stitutes the rotary'film-driving element, and is mounted on-the same/shaft 24; which carries the rotary carrier. 13, thus the filmdriving element;` and rotary carrier vare rigidly connected land -turn as one part. 12o I are mounted, by means of spokes 28 and hub 29, on shaft 30 geared to the transmission shaft 31 through the gears 32 and 33. The angle made by an extension of a radial element of the refiecting surface of each helical mirror with'itsaxis of rotation varies progressively along the-length of the mirror, whereby the beam is caused not only to follow successive film pictures but to swing in such manner that it also ,follows the corc responding .slower moving compensating prisms;

The motion. of crank '34 on crank shaft 35 is communicated to the transmission shaft 25-througl1'the `ars 36 and 37, and the drivf .ing connection Etween shaft 25 and shaft 31 i. is effected by means of gears 38 and 39.

lio,

The'. mounting of the'compensating elements will be best understood by reference to Figs. 10, 11 and 12. Each compensating prism 12is ,supported in a holder 40, in the ottom 4ofwhich is a plate 42 provided with saddles 41, to receive the vertex 'of the prism'. A set screw 43 extending through the bottox'nfof. holder 40 into engagement with the' bottom of'plate 42, holds the prism against the threepins 41. The prism is thus clamped rigidly in the holderiO, but with, 'out strain on the glass. Adjustment of the 'prism mount o r holder 40 on drum 13, is obtained by means of taper screws 44 of which there are .two at one end and one at the other end of each prism holder;\ The prism holder Vmay be bodilyr'raise'clat either or both'ends against the s ring washer45 on screw'46,

which is set lntothe bottom of the'holder 'and`extends through a hole in the carrier drum 13, by. means'ofl the taper screws 44'; and slight angular adjustments may also be made'by'said-taper screws, to shift the vertex of theiprisxn in relation to its distance, Afrom its neighboring prisms.

Thus the. prisms maybe individuallyA adjustedl in respect to the relation of their virtual vertices vto the direction of the axis of rotation ofthe carrier, Vthe distance from said axis of rota- -tion and the distance of said vertices one ,from another. VWhen satisfactorily positioned' with the-vertices parallel to the axis of rotation, and the same distance fromthe axis and from each other, the holders may be firmly' secured to the carrier 13 by settingl up the screws 46 and 47. The taper screws 44 are locked by set rews 48.

From `the foregoing it will be seen that a-n essential characteristic of the compensationv is that the' compensating element,

. whether it be'composed'of two plane miri as rors having their reficcting surfaces at right i an les to each other, or of a totally reliecting rig t angle prism, must more in such mani ner that during its optically effective travel its virtual vertexshall move in an arcuate path at a constant fraction of the linear veing such that the average'value of the linear velocity shall be one half the linear velocity of thc film. Said compensating elements are preferably totally reflecting prisms, and preferably a series of such prisms are carried on a rotary drum or carrier so .that a pure motionof rotation is obtained. Said carrier is also preferably keyed to the same shaft which carries the rotary film-driving sprocket so that said ,sprocket and carrier will turn together as one part, thus. preserving the relative'speeds of the film and'comi. pensating elements. The ratio between the radius of the path of the virtual xcrtices of the compensating elements and theradius of the film-driving sprocket is such as to secure the aforesaid calculated fractional relation of the velocity of the compensating ele.- ments to that of the'film. The light beam is alternately projected by the helical mirrors` having the angle of their surfaces progressively varying, whereby the beam isfca'sd' to follow successive film pictures and also :.the successive slower moving compensating elements. The virtual vertices of t eprisms must be parallel with the axisfofrotation of the emergent beam is'oblique and there isno interference between the t\vo,or `their optical systems. VThe film is normal tothe i n` cident'bea'm and is also parallelto the `axis of rotation of Athetprisms. Conceivably the 'film could be arranged normal to the oblique 'part of the incident beam, and therefore 1nclined to the axis of rotation. This would be precisely the same, optically considered;` and the invention includes in its broadest aspect the oblique beam of'. incidence, wiiether the film is tipped` so-as to. be normal to the obliquebeam. or 'whether part ofthe beam is tipped .so as to be normal `to a film which is parallel tothe axis of rotation.

And finally, the xvariation in distance between the film-andthe compensating prism, due to the curved ath of the latter, may be compensated for liy the introduction into the path of thebeam of plane glass platesof progressively varying'thickness.

'l claim: 1. In a corltinuous motion cinematographs means to moire the film, a series'of compensating elements each comprising Vtwo refiecting surfaces at right angles to eachv other, a rotary member on which said com` to the reflectin .|ither, a rotary-member on which pensating elements are carried, and means to project a beam of light through said film, the projecting means andthe reflecting 'surf faces being relatively so disposed that the beam of light is. projected through the film surfaces obliquely to the line of intersectlon of the surfaces.

2. In a continuous motion cinematograph,

means to move the film, a series of compen# satng elements each comprising two re- Y fleeting surfaces at right anglastto veach 1d commeans to project a beam of light` thr h said film, the pr jectingmeans and" ther fleeting surfaces. being relatively o disposed that the b eam 'of light is pro' ted t tou h the vfilm lto thereflecting vsun a s\ob ue y tothe -lineiqf intersection of thez`surf '-3. In a eontinuous'motion cinematog aph, means to I njm the film, a serieslof com ensating elements each `.oo mprsin two \1"efleeting surfaces at right angle 1 to each other, a rotary member on-which s. 'd compensating elements are carried,th.\ `nes of mtensectlon 'of said reflecting surfztc being parallelto the axis 'of rotation of`=sa tary member. means to hold that pa Y, the film through which the light passes ar llel to said axis of rotation, means to [iro'e t a beam of light normal to and throu`gh\\` 'tid film, to said compensating elements,` nd meansbetween said film and said competi sating element adapted to project said e\ Vat an obli ue angle to the line of `inte tion of sai reflecting surfaces. l

4. In a continuous motion cinematograph,

pensating elements are carried, .a

means to move the film, a series of com en`fl sating ele ents'each comprising two re ect-\. which the ing surface at right angles to each other, a rotary member on which said compensating elements are carried, the ln'es of intersection of said reflecting surfaces being parallel to the axis of rotation' of .said rotary member, means to hold that part of the film through whichthe light passes parallel to said axis ofrotation, means to project s. beam of light normal to and through said film, to said compensating elements, and a' reflector element between said film and said compensating element adapted to project saidbeam at'an oblique angle to the line of.

- intersection of said reflecting surfaces.

5. In a continuous-motion cinematograph, means t move the film, a series of compensating' elements each com rising two reflecting surfaesfjat right ang es to each other, a rotary member on which said compensating .elements are carried, the lines of intersection of said. reflecting surfaces being parallel to the axis of rotation of said rotary member, means to hold that part of the film vthrmigh which the light passes parallel to said .afxis of rotation, means to project a 'beam of light normal to and .through said film, to said compensating elements, and areflector element consisting of a prismhaving. two totally reflectingsurfaces between said film and said compensating element adapted to project said beam at an oblique angle to the line of intersection of said reflectingsurfaces. A

6. In a continuous motion cinematograph,

means to-move the film, a series of right angle totally reflecting compensatin prisms mounted on a rotary drum, having t en' vertices parallel to the axis of rotation of said drum, meansto hold that part of the film through which the, light passes parallel to said Aaxis of rotation, means to project a -beam of light normal to and through said film, to said compensating prisms, and a stationary totally reflecting prism between saidv film and said compensating risms adapted that the path of the light beam `varies in y length. during the period of activity 'of a film picture, and means in the path of said beam to compensate optically for said variation in length of the path of the beam.

8. Ina continuous motion cinematograph, y meansto move thefilm, a compensatin element, means to project a. beam of ight through said filmto said compensating eleient, means to move the compensating eleent in anv arcuate path, in consequence of d path of the light beam varies in Heggth during the period of activity of a fil e picture, and aseries of plane transparent plates movable into and out of the path of the beam adapted to compensate for said variation in length of the path of the beam.

9. In a continuous motion cinematograph,

ilo

means to move the film, a compensating element., means to project a beam 4of light through said film -to said compensating element, means to move the compensating element in an arcuate path in consequence of which the path of the light beam varies in length during the period of activity of a film picture, and a series of plane transparent plates arranged in a position normal to :the direction in which said compensating Aelement approaches or recedes from tlie film, and movable into and out of the path of the beam adapted to compensate for said variation in length o f the path of the beam;

10. In a continuous motion cinematograph, means to move the film, a compensating element, means to project a beam of light through said film to said compensating element, means to move the compensating element in an arcuate path, in consequence of which theV path of the Ii ht heam varies in length during thc pcrio( of activity of a 'filmpicture, and a series o' plane transparent plates of progressively varyingthick ness, movable successively into and out of thepalh ofthe beam, adapted to compensate for said variation in the length of the path of the beam.

11. ln a continuous motion cinematograph,`

means to move the'tilm, Ia compensating element, :neapsto project a beam of lght through sald flm` to said compensating "ele-- ment, means to move the compensating elelfilm picture,and a ment in an arcuate ath, in consequenceof which the path of t .e light beam varies in length during the eriod of activity of 'a l disk composedof a series of plane transparent plates of progressively varying "thicl'mm, 'rotatably mounted' to move said plates 'successively into and out of the path of the'beam, to compensate for said variation in length ofthe path of the 12. In continuous motoncinematograph, means to move the film1 a'compcnsatim;element, means t'o project a beam of light through said film to saidcompensat-ing elcment, means to move the compensating ele ment in an arcuate path, in consequence of i DANIEL F. COMSTOCK.

Witness: A

Roemer CUBHMAN. 

